Description: This essay addresses ways to reduce 'negative externality' types of systemic risk. A negative externality is defined as a transaction between two parties that results in costs which accrue, in part, to one or more third parties, e.g., to society as a whole.

Description: This essay advocates for the consideration of risk in an interdisciplinary framework. An "effective resilience" metric is introduced as a way to reflect an organization's exposure and response to an adverse event, and to measure the ability of the organization to mitigate and recover from the resulting reduction in its operating level. Part of the essay collection "Risk Metrics for Decision Making and ORSA"